• Search for A-4 technology in Poland
• Search for A-4 technology in Germany
• German team in Moscow
• German team on Gorodomlya Island

French rocketry

• Origins of the French rocketry
• Precious stones series of rockets

American rocketry

• LK-1 circumlunar mission project
• 7K-L1 circumlunar mission project
  • 7K-L1 No. 2P mission (Kosmos-146)
  • 7K-L1 No. 3P (Kosmos-154)
  • 7K-L1 No. 4L
  • 7K-L1 No. 5L
  • 7K-L1 No. 6L (Zond-4)
  • 7K-L1 No. 7L
  • 7K-L1 No. 8L
  • 7K-L1 No. 9L (Zond-5)
  • 7K-L1 No. 12L (Zond-6)
  • 7K-L1 No. 13L
  • 7K-L1 No. 11L (Zond-7)
  • Zond-8
• L3 lunar landing complex

  • 19K vehicle
  • 21K tanker
• LK lunar lander
  • Block E
  • DALS instrument package
• LOK
• L3M lunar expeditionary complex
  • Origin of L3M project (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, July 1: Planning in the Soviet space program in 1967 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • L3M project in 1969 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, Sept. 27: L3M project in 1970 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, Oct. 15: LKT (TLK-D) lander (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Block Sr (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • LKM lunar lander for L3M (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • D2 space tug for L3M (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Plans for a permanent lunar base
• NEW, May 21: Cancellation of the N1/L3 project

Soyuz spacecraft family

• History
  • Overview of the Soyuz spacecraft development history
  • Soyuz anomaly statistics (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Hardware
• Systems overview
• Reentry capsule
• Instrument module
• Habitation module
• Docking system
• Propulsion system (INSIDER CONTENT)

• 7K-OK: Original Soyuz
  • Origin of 7K-OK variant
  • Development of 7K-OK
  • Production of 7K-OK
• Soyuz missions
  • Soyuz 7K-OK No. 2 (Kosmos-133)
  • Soyuz 7K-OK No. 1 launch accident
  • Soyuz 7K-OK No. 3 (Kosmos-140)
  • Soyuz-1 mission
    • Soyuz-1 launch decision
    • Soyuz-1 flight scenario
    • Training crews for the first Soyuz mission
    • Preparing Soyuz-1 mission
    • Final decision to launch Soyuz-1
    • Soyuz-1 begins its fateful flight
    • Soyuz-1 attempts to return to Earth
    • Vladimir Komarov dies on landing
    • Investigation into the Soyuz-1 accident

  • Joint mission of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 6 and No. 5 (Kosmos-186, Kosmos-188)

    • Preparations for launch of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 6 and No. 5
    • Launch of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 6 (Kosmos-186)
    • Launch of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 5 (Kosmos-188), rendezvous and docking
    • Landing of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 6 (Kosmos-186)
    • Landing of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 5 (Kosmos-188)
    • Aftermath of the first Soyuz automated docking mission
  • Joint mission of Soyuz 7K-OK No. 8 and No. 7 (Kosmos-212, Kosmos-213)
  • 7K-OK No. 9 (Kosmos-238)
  • Joint mission of Soyuz-2, -3 mission
    • Planning the Soyuz-2 and -3 dual mission
    • Choosing the Soyuz-3 pilot
    • Preparing Soyuz-2, -3 for flight
    • Soyuz-2 and 3 flight scenario
    • Unpiloted ship lifts off for rendezvous with Soyuz-3
    • Upside down: a strange flight of Soyuz-3 spacecraft
    • Soyuz-2 completes its mission
    • Soyuz-3 in orbit: "You make me run like a rabbit"
    • Georgy Beregovoi lands aboard Soyuz-3
    • Post-flight analysis of the Soyuz-3 mission
  • Joint mission of Soyuz-4, and -5 spacecraft
    • Planning joint mission of Soyuz-4 and -5
    • Preparing joint mission of Soyuz-4 and -5
    • Soyuz-4 lifts off!
    • Soyuz-5 lifts off!
    • Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 dock in orbit
    • Cosmonauts transfer from Soyuz-5 to Soyuz-4
    • Soyuz-4 lands successfully
    • Soyuz-5 makes near-fatal crash landing
  • Joint mission of Soyuz-6, -7 and -8 spacecraft:
    • Planning Soyuz-6, -7 and -8 mission
    • Soyuz-6, -7, and -8 prepare for launch
    • Launch of Soyuz-6
    • Launch of Soyuz-7
    • Launch of Soyuz-8
    • Landing of Soyuz-6
    • Landing of Soyuz-7
    • Landing of Soyuz-8
  • Soyuz-9 mission
• Soyuz mods and variants
• Soyuz 7K-TM
  • Soyuz 7K-TM No. 71 (Kosmos-638) (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, Aug 12: Soyuz 7K-TM No. 72 (Kosmos-672) (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEW, Aug. 6: Soyuz 7K-S
  • NEW, Aug 6: Soyuz 7K-S No. 1L (Kosmos-670) (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Soyuz TM
• Soyuz TMA-M
  • Thermal-control system, SOTR (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Soyuz ventilation system (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Soyuz MS
  • Design of the Soyuz-MS spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, March 11: Descent Module, SA (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Kurs-NA rendezvous system
  • EKTS communications system
  • Power supply system, SEP
  • Thermal-control system of Soyuz-MS (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Propulsion system
  • "Black box" system
  • The Soyuz-2-1a integrated launch vehicle with Soyuz MS spacecraft
  • Replacing imported avionics on Soyuz MS series (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Upgrades to Soyuz-MS and Progress-MS spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Upgrading Soyuz for post-2024 missions (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, June 6: Soyuz tests new navigation instruments (INSIDER CONTENT)

Soyuz flight profile

• How Soyuz is launched

• Emergency escape system of the Soyuz spacecraft
• Landing of the Soyuz spacecraft

• The TKS heavy transport ship

• OPS-1 (Salyut-2)
  • NEW, May 27: Soyuz 7K-T No. 61 (Kosmos-656) (INSIDER CONTENT)
• OPS-2 (Salyut-3)
  • NEW, July 3: Soyuz-14
  • NEW, Aug. 26: Soyuz-15
• OPS-3 (Salyut-5)
• OPS-4
  • Shield-2 anti-satellite system
• Almaz-205
• Almaz-206

• Core module
• Kvant-1
• Kvant-2
• Kristall
• Spektr
• Priroda
• Docking module

International Space Station (ISS)

US roots of the ISS

• Assured Crew Return Vehicle, ACRV

Chronology of ISS development and assembly

• Status of the ISS project in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Status of the ISS project in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • VKD-46 spacewalk aboard ISS
• Status of the ISS project in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Search for ISS air leak in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• ISS in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• ISS in 2023 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEW, Jan. 30: ISS in 2024 (INSIDER CONTENT)

Russian Segment of the ISS

• Zarya FGB Control Module
  • Launch of Zarya FGB module
  • Zarya FGB in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Zvezda Service Module, SM
  • Zvezda in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Treadmill system aboard the service module
  • Development of the service module
  • Preparing service module for launch
  • Launch of the Zvezda
  • Zvezda docks with ISS
  • Air leak in Zvezda's PrK chamber
  • Propulsion System of the Zvezda Service Module (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • BVS computers of the Zvezda Service Module (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Kurs-P rendezvous system (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Life-support system of the Zvezda Service Module
  • BRK radio system (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • SUBA system (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Power-supply system (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Thermal-control system (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Docking Compartment, SO
• MIM2 Poisk module
• MIM1 Rassvet module
• Universal Docking Module, USM (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Science and Power Platform, NEP
• Enterprise module
• Nauka Multi-purpose Laboratory Module, MLM (formerly FGB-2)
  • MLM design overview (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • MLM structural design (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Science aboard MLM (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Science airlock, ShK (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Service systems aboard MLM (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Thermal control system (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • Add-on radiator, RTOd (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Power supply system (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Life-support system (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Radio systems (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Docking mechanisms on MLM (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • SSA-G docking system (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • SSA-M docking mechanism (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Propulsion system (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Tank system of the MLM module
    • Upgrading propulsion system of MLM (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Flight control system (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Preparation of MLM at launch site (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Processing facility for MLM in Baikonur (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • The European Robotic Arm (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • History of the European Robotic Arm, ERA (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • Manual tools for the European Robotic Arm (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • Accessories for the European Robotic Arm (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • Operations of the European Robotic Arm (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • Contingencies during ERA operations (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • Activation of ERA (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • ERA activities in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • ERA activities, MLM outfitting in 2023 (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Cargo aboard MLM (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Integration of the MLM Nauka module with Russian ISS segment
    • Preparing Russian Segment for MLM launch (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • Plan for VKD-48 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • MLM launch scenario (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • MLM autonomous flight (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Reconfiguring Russian Segment of ISS after Nauka's launch (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Reconfiguring Russian Segment after Nauka's docking (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-49 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-50 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-52 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-53 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-ESA spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-54 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-54A spacewalk
      • VKD-55 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-56 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-57 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-58 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-59 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
      • VKD-60 spacewalk (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Origin of the MLM Nauka project
• MLM status in 2012
• MLM status in 2013
• MLM status in 2014
• MLM status in 2015
• MLM status in 2016
• MLM status in 2017
• MLM status in 2018
• MLM status in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• MLM status in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• MLM status in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Prichal Node Module, UM
  • Prichal's development history (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Prichal's design overview (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Prichal's docking mechanisms (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Prichal's redocking mechanism (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Prichal's refueling system (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Prichal's interior design (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Progress M-UM space tug for Prichal (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Prichal launch campaign
    • Prichal launch
    • Integrating node module with ISS (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • VKD-51 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Science and Power Module, NEM
  • NEM design overview (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, Jan. 22: Ground processing of the NEM module (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Origin of the NEM project
  • NEM module development in 2017
  • NEM module in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEM module in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEM module in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEM module in 2023 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, Jully 29: NEM module in 2024 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEM-2 tourist module (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Oka-T free-flying platform
• Inflatable systems in space
  • History of inflatable systems in space
  • Russian plans for an inflatable module
  • Russian scaled prototypes of the inflatable module
  • Russian concept of the inflatable warehouse module
• Airlock Module, ShM
• Orlan MKS spacesuit
• Cargo vehicle with increased payload capacity, TGK PG
• Fedor (INSIDER CONTENT)

• Science aboard the Russian ISS Segment (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Extending operations of the Russian ISS Segment until 2030 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Planning for ISS deorbiting (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Docking systems of the Russian Segment (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Ground control of the Russian ISS Segment (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Ground simulators for the Russian Segment (INSIDER CONTENT)

American segment of the ISS

• Cygnus OA-5 mission
• TransHab module
• BEAM module

European segment of the ISS

• Columbus laboratory module
• Automated Transfer Vehicle, ATV
  • ATV development history
  • ATV design
  • ATV-1 Jules Verne mission
  • Possible future configurations of the ATV vehicle
• Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator, ARD

ISS mission chronology

Soyuz missions to the ISS

• Soyuz TM-31 (Expedition 1 launch)
• Soyuz TM-32 (Dennis Tito's mission to the ISS)
• Soyuz TM-33 (A Russo-French commercial mission)
• Soyuz TM-34 (A Russo-Italian commercial mission)
• Soyuz TMA-1 (A Russo-Belgian commercial mission)
• Soyuz TMA-2 (The 7th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-3 (The 8th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-4 (The 9th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-5 (The 10th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-6 (The 11th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-7 (The 12th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-8 (The 13th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-9 (The 14th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-10 (The 15th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-11 (The 16th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-12 (The 17th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-13 (The 18th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-14 (The 19th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-15 (The 20th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-16 (The 21/22nd long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-17 (The 22/23th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-18 (The 23/24th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-19 (The 24/25th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-01M (The 25/26th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-20 (The 26/27th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-21 (The 27/28th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-02M (The 28/29th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-22 (The 29/30th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-03M (The 30/31st long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-04M (The 31/32nd long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-05M (The 32/33rd long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-06M (The 33/34th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-07M (The 34/35th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-08M (The 35/36th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-09M (The 36/37th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-10M (The 37/38th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-11M (The 38/39th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-12M (The 39/40th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-13M (The 40/41th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-14M (The 41/42nd long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-15M (The 42/43rd long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-16M (The 43rd long-duration expedition; "Year in Space" mission)
• Soyuz TMA-17M (The 44/45th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-18M (The 45/46th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-19M (The 46/47th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz TMA-20M (The 47/48th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-01 (The 48/49th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
  • NEW, Nov. 15: Soyuz MS-01 launch delayed by computer issues
• Soyuz MS-02 (The 49/50th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-03 (The 50th/51st long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-04 (The 51st/52nd long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-05 (The 52nd/53rd long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-06 (The 53rd/54th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-07 (The 54th/55th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-08 (The 55th/56th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-09 (The 56th/57th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
  • A hole aboard Soyuz MS-09
  • Plans for a spacewalk to investigate Soyuz MS-09 air leak (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Training for the VKD-45a spacewalk
  • VKD-45a spacewalk
• Soyuz MS-10 (The 57th/58th long-duration expedition to the ISS, Launch failure)
• Soyuz MS-11 (The 57th/58th long-duration expedition to the ISS; Second attempt)
  • Investigation into the Soyuz MS-11 landing failure (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Soyuz MS-12 (The 59th/60th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
  • Soyuz MS-12 experiences TV transmission issue (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Soyuz MS-13 (The 60th/61st long-duration expedition to the ISS)
  • NEW, July 22: Soyuz-MS gets backup avionics after an incident
• Soyuz MS-14 (Unpiloted)
  • NEW, Sept. 18: Soyuz MS-14 emergency ballistic descent (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Soyuz MS-15 (The 61st/62nd long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-16 (The 62nd/63rd long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-17 (The 63rd/64th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
  • VKD-47 spacewalk
• Soyuz MS-18 (The 64th/65th/66th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-19 (The 65th/66th long-duration expedition to the ISS, visting "movie crew")
• Soyuz MS-20 (The 20th visiting mission to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-21 (The 67th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-22 (The 68th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• Soyuz MS-23 (The replacement vehicle for the Soyuz MS-22 crew)
• Soyuz MS-24 (The 70th long-duration expedition to the ISS)
  • VKD-61 spacewalk
• Soyuz MS-25 (The 71st long-duration expedition to the ISS)
• NEW, Sept. 10: Soyuz MS-26 (The 72nd long-duration expedition to the ISS)

Kliper, a potential replacement for the Soyuz spacecraft (abstract page)

• Circumlunar version of the Kliper spacecraft
• The 2006 configuration
• Kliper development history
• International cooperation in the Kliper project
• Crew cabin of the Kliper spacecraft
• Fuselage
• Habitation and propulsion module of the Kliper spacecraft
• Kliper photo gallery
• Parom orbital tug

A follow-on to the TKS spacecraft

PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE

Russian human space flight in the 2010s

• Russia considers cooperation with China in human space flight (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Russian-Chinese cooperation on the lunar base (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEW, June 14: Planning for human exploration of the Moon in 2014 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Planning for human exploration of the Moon in 2018 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Planning for human exploration of the Moon in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Lunar base design in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • Power-supply systems for a lunar base (INSIDER CONTENT)

Russian human space flight in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)

• Planning for human exploration of the Moon in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)

Russian human space flight in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)

• Planning for human exploration of the Moon in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)

Russian human space flight in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)

Orel next-generation manned spacecraft, PTK NP (formerly ACTS, Federatsiya)

• ACTS concept
• Initial ACTS studies
• Choosing ACTS architecture
• PPTS project
  • Development of the landing system for the PPTS spacecraft
• PTK NP development in 2010
  • PTK-Z Earth-orbiting version of the spacecraft
• PTK NP development in 2011
• PTK NP development in 2012
• PTK NP development in 2013
• PTK NP development in 2014
• PTK NP development in 2015
• PTK NP development in 2016
• PTK NP development in 2017
• PTK NP development in 2018 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• PTK NP development in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• PTK NP development in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• PTK NP development in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• PTK NP development in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• PTK NP development in 2023 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEW, Feb. 5: PTK NP development in 2024 (INSIDER CONTENT)

Overall design of PTK Orel

• Cost of PTK missions (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Descent Module (Return Vehicle) VA
• Command Compartment, KO, of the Return Vehicle
  • NEW, July 10: Interior of the KO compartment (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Manufacturing the KO compartment (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Thermal protectection system, TZP (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Docking mechanism for PTK NP spacecraft
• Russia re-designs PTK Federatsiya spacecraft for multiple docking ports (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Emergency Escape System, SAS (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • SAS for PTK NP in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• BAS escape rocket (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Aggregate Compartment, AO, of the PTK NP spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Evolution of the Aggregate Compartment in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Landing Solid-propellant Propulsion Unit, PTDU, for PTK (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • New landing propulsion system for PTK Federatsiya spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Landing gear for PTK NP spacecraft
• Cheget cosmonaut chair
• Propulsion Module, DO
  • Evolution of the DO module design (2013-2020) (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, Nov. 11: Orel's propulsion system (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Thermal control system, SOTR (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Manufacturing PTK Orel (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Manufacturing from composites (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEW, Sept. 9: PTK launch profile (INSIDER CONTENT)

PTK-M variant (INSIDER CONTENT)

• Design of PTK-M Orlyonok (INSIDER CONTENT)
• DDU space tug for PTK-M (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Briz-L space tug for PTK-M (INSIDER CONTENT)

PTK NP flight test program

• Ground testing of the PTK spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Launch of Angara-A1E-PTK rocket for testing the emergency escape system of PTK spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Prototype of the PTK NP spacecraft for the first launch (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Second phase in the PTK Orel ground testing (INSIDER CONTENT)
• The 2nd test launch of PTK Orel (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Test flight of Russia's next-generation spacecraft around the Moon

PTKS space station transport (INSIDER CONTENT)

PTK-ROS space station transport concept (INSIDER CONTENT)

Russian Orbital Station, ROS, concept to succeed the ISS

• Orbital Piloted Assembly Complex, OPSEK
• High-Altitude Orbital Station, VShOS
• Russian Orbital Station, ROS, in 2017
• Russian Orbital Service Station Concept in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• ROSS concept (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Rationale for the ROSS concept (INSIDER CONTENT)
• ROSS concept in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Modifying NEM module for ROSS operations (INSIDER CONTENT)
• ROSS assembly schedule as of 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• ROSS concept in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• ROS project in 2023 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEW, Jan. 24: ROS project in 2024 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• ROS modules and components:
  • SGM module (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Airlock Module, ShM (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, Aug. 8: TGKM MM space tug
  • NEW, Aug. 19: Core Module, BM (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Expansion module (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Commercial module (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Progress ROS (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • UM Prichal Node module for ROSS complex (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • ROS robotics

Russian Lunar Orbital Station, LOS

• Russian concept of the cis-lunar station based on NEM and UM modules (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Russian cis-lunar station concept in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)

Lunar Descent and Ascent Complex, LVPK

• Design overview (INSIDER CONTENT)

Ryvok (INSIDER CONTENT)

Cis-lunar Gateway
(a.k.a. International Manned Platform, Deep Space Gateway,
Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway. LOP-G)

Development history:

• Origin of the cis-lunar station project
• Status of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2017
• Development of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2018 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Development of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Development of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Development of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Development of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEW, Feb. 8: Development of the cis-lunar Gateway in 2023 (INSIDER CONTENT)

Modules and major components:

• Power and Propulsion Element, PPE
  • PPE in 2018 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • PPE in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • PPE in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • PPE in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Logistics Communications and Utilization Bus, LCUB, (later ESPRIT)
  • ESPRIT in 2018 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • ESPRIT in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • ESPRIT in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • ESPRIT in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Science airlock (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Utilization Element, UE (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Robotic arm (INSIDER CONTENT)
• International habitation module, I-Hab
  • I-Hab in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • I-Hab in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • I-Hab in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, Feb. 8: I-Hab in 2023 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• D-Hab module (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • D-Hab in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Logistics Modules
  • Dragon-XL (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Logistics Augmentation Module, LAM (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Japan's cargo ship for cis-lunar station (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Russian Airlock Module
  • Russian airlock in 2018 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Russian airlock in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, Feb. 8: Russian airlock in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, Feb. 8: Airlock module in 2023 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Lunar Mission Support Module, LMSM, for Deep Space Gateway
• Lunar lander for the cis-lunar station (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Ascent Element (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Descent Element (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Transfer Element (INSIDER CONTENT
• Russian cargo ship for cis-lunar Gateway (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Habitation and Logistics Outpost, HALO (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • PPE/HALO combo (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • HALO/I-Hab combo sans D-Hab (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • HALO in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • HALO in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)

Systems and operations:

• Cis-lunar station budget (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Scheduling cis-lunar station development (INSIDER CONTENT)
• The assembly scenario for the cis-lunar station (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Assembly scenarios (October 2018) (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Assembly scenarios (August 2019) (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Refueling operations (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Orbital transfers of the cis-lunar station (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Upgrades to the rendezvous system of the cis-lunar station (INSIDER CONTENT)
• How risky is the Gateway? (INSIDER CONTENT)
• ECLSS for the Gateway-Orion system (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Gateway as a "safe haven" for Orion (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Clearances with the Orion spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)

NASA's Space Exploration Initiative, SEI

Space flight to Langrangian points

Plans for robotic missions to the Moon in 2012

Plans for robotic missions to the Moon in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)

Plans for robotic missions to the Moon in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)

NEW, Oct. 19: Plans for robotic missions to the Moon in 2023

• Luna-Glob project (Luna-25)
  • Origin of the Luna-Glob mission
  • Original scenario of the Luna-Glob mission
  • First attempt to revive the Luna-Glob project
  • Attempt at cooperation with India
  • Luna-Glob becomes a lander mission
  • Luna-Glob project in 2013
  • Luna-Glob project in 2014 and 2015
  • Luna-Glob project in 2016
  • Luna-Glob project in 2017
  • Luna-Glob project in 2018 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Luna-Glob project in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Luna-Glob project in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Luna-Glob project in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Luna-Glob project in 2023 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Design of the Luna-Glob spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • NEW, Sept. 1: Prototypes of the Luna-Glob spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • NEW, June 8: Flight control system of the Luna-Glob spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • NEW, July 20: Propulsion system of the Luna-Glob spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • NEW, June 30: Thermal control system of the Luna-Glob spacecraft (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Luna-Glob science (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • NEW, June 21: LMK robotic arm (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • NEW, June 13: STS-L camera package (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • NEW, June 1: LIS-TV-RPM instrument (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • NEW, July 7: ADRON-LR instrument (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • NEW, July 13: LAZMA-LR instrument (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • NEW, July 31: ARIES-L instrument (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Luna-Glob launch scenario (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Luna-Glob landing scenario
  • NEW, Aug. 10: Luna-Glob launch
• Luna-Glob orbiter
• Luna-Resurs lander
• Luna-Resurs
  • Luna-Resurs in 2017
• Luna-Grunt (a.k.a. Luna-28)
  • Luna-Grunt project in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Luna-Grunt project in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Luna-Grunt project in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Luna-29 project (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Luna-29 project in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Lunny Poligon

3MV (Zond) project

• Kosmos-21

Robotic missions to Mars

• Zond-2
• Mars-69 missions
• Mars-3's likely landing site
• 5M Mars sample return project
  • Origin of the 5M Mars sample return mission
  • Retailoring 5M project from N1 to Proton
  • Final design of the 5M spacecraft
  • 5M mission scenario scenario: Launch and rendezvous
  • Transit of the 5M spacecraft from Earth to Mars
  • 5M Mars landing scenario (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • 5M operations on the surface (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • 5M return trip (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Cancellation of the 5M project (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Phobos (Fobos) 1/2
• Mars-96
• Phobos-Grunt
  • Spacecraft design
  • Phobos-Grunt mission scenario
  • Origin of the Phobos-Grunt mission
  • Preparing Phobos-Grunt mission during 2008-2009
  • Phobos-Grunt project development during 2010
  • Phobos-Grunt project development during 2011
  • Launch of the Phobos-Grunt spacecraft
  • Command and control challenges in Phobos-Grunt mission
  • Phobos-Grunt reentry
  • Aftermath of the Phobos-Grunt mission
• ExoMars project
• ExoMars 2016
  • Trace Gas Orbiter, TGO
  • Schiaparelli, EDM
  • Mission status in 2015
  • Pre-launch processing
  • Launch of ExoMars-2016
  • Early operations of the ExoMars-2016 mission
  • Mission of ExoMars-2016
  • ExoMars-2016 deep-space maneuver
  • ExoMars-2016 arrival at Mars
  • ExoMars-2016 landing on Mars
• ExoMars rover mission
  • Mission status in 2014
  • Mission status in 2017
  • Mission status in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Parachute testing for ExoMars-2020 mission (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Preparing ExoMars-2020 launch campaign
  • Mission status in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Mission status in 2021 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Mission status in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Mars-NET
• Phobos-Grunt-2
• Mars sample return mission
  • Expedition-M Mars sample return mission

Unmanned missions to Venus

• 3MV-1A No. 4A
• Kosmos-27
• Zond-1
• Venera-7
• Venera-72 No. 671 (Kosmos-482)
• Venera-9 and 10
• Venera-D
  • Venera-D project in 2021

UPDATE, June 24: Plans for unmanned missions beyond Mars and Venus

• NEW, June 24: Zevs mission to Jupiter in response to the US Grand Tour
• Intergelio-Zond mission to explore our home star
• Solnechny Parus mission to the Sun
• Laplas mission to Jupiter and its Moons
• Missions to comets and asteroids
  • Mission to Apophis
  • Anapa asteroid-orbiting mission
• Missions to Mercury

• Almaz-T radar-carrying satellite
• Araks spacecraft
• Bars topopgraphy satellite project
• Bars-M topography satellite
  • Bars-M2
  • Bars-M3
  • Bars-M4
• Blagovest series:
  • Blagovest-11L
  • Blagovest-12L
  • Blagovest-13L
  • Blagovest-14L
• Egyptsat-2 (559GK) series
  • EgyptSat-2
    EgyptSat-A
• EKS satellite system
  • EKS network overview
  • Development of the EKS network
  • EKS (Tundra) satellite
  • First launch into EKS network (Kosmos-2510)
  • Third launch of the EKS/Tundra satellite
  • Fourth launch of the EKS/Tundra satellite
  • Fifth launch of the EKS/Tundra satellite
  • Sixth launch of the EKS/Tundra satellite
• EMKA (Kosmos-2525)
• EMKA-2
• Falcon Eye-2 (UAE)
• Garpun military data relay satellite
• Geo-IK-2 No. 11L geodetic satellite
• Geo-IK-2 No. 12L geodetic satellite
• Geo-IK-2 No. 13L geodetic satellite
• GLONASS satellite navigation network
  • Uragan navigation satellite
• GLONASS satellite missions
  • GLONASS-43
  • GLONASS-51
  • GLONASS-M No. 53
  • GLONASS-M No. 52
  • GLONASS-M No. 56
  • GLONASS-M No. 57
  • GLONASS-M No. 58
  • GLONASS-M No. 59
  • GLONASS-M No. 60
  • GLONASS-M No. 61
• GLONASS-K navigation satellite
  • GLONASS-K No. 12
  • GLONASS-K No. 15
  • GLONASS-K No. 16
  • GLONASS-K No. 17
• GLONASS-K2 navigation satellite
  • GLONASS-K2 No. 13L
• IS anti-satellite system
• Kanopus-ST ocean-watching satellite
• Khayam observation satellite
• Kobalt-M reconnaissance satellite
• Kondor reconnaissance satellite
• Kondor-E radar-reconnaissance satellite
• Kondor-FKA No. 1
• Kosmos-2499
• Kosmos-2504
• Kosmos-2535, -2536, -2537, -2538
• Kosmos-2542
• Kosmos-2561
• Kosmos-2558
• NEW, Oct. 31: Kosmos-2579
• Liana electronic-intelligence network
  • Lotos-S1 No. 803
  • Lotos-S1 No. 804
  • Lotos-S1 No. 805
  • Lotos-S1 No. 806
  • Lotos-S1 No. 807
  • Lotos-S1 No. 808
• Meridian communications satellite
  • Meridian (5) launch failure
  • Meridian (7)
  • Meridian (8)
  • Meridian-M2 (19L)
  • Meridian-M3 (20L)
• MMKK space plane (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Musson geodetic satellite
• Napryazhenie
• Naryad anti-satellite system
• Neitron
• Oko/US-K early warning satellite
• Olymp satellite
  • Second Olymp-K
• Parus navigation satellite
• Persona reconnaissance satellite
• Pion-NKS
• Raduga communications satellite
• Raduga-1/Globus-1 communications satellite
• Raduga-1M/Globus-1M communications satellite
• Razdan reconnaissance satellite
• Rodnik comsat
  • Rodnik (Block 16)
• Sfera geodetic satellite
• NEW, Dec. 2: Sfera-S/V (ESSS-3) communications system (INSIDER CONTENT)
• SKA radar satellite
• NEW, Dec. 21: Soyuz-2-1b launch on Dec. 21, 2023
• NEW, July 18: SSKMS secure satellite communications system (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Strela communications satellite
• Tselina electronic-intelligence spacecraft
• US-A and US-P ocean-surveillance and missile-guidance spacecraft
• Yantar-1KFT Kometa topography satellite

Communications satellites

NEW, Nov. 13: Russian satellite communications in 2024 (INSIDER CONTENT)

• Angosat
• Angosat-2
• Buro 1440 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Ekspress series
  • Ekspress-80 and -103 satellites
  • Ekspress-1000N platform
  • Ekspress-2000 platform
• Ekspress-AM4
• Ekspress-MD2
• Ekspress-AM5
• Ekspress-AM6
• Ekspress-AM7
• Ekspress-AM8
• Ekspress-AMU1
• Ekspress-AMU3 -AMU7
• NEW, June 10: Ekspress-AMU4 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEW, June 17: Ekspress-RV (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEW, April 26: Gazprom D2D (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Gonets
  • Gonets-M Group 15
  • Gonets-M Group 16
  • Gonets-M Group 17
  • Gonets-M Group 18
• NEW, Jan. 15: Gonets M1 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Gorizont
• Hispasat-36W-1
• KazSat comsat
• Luch relay satellites
  • Luch-5A
  • Luch-5V
  • NEW, Oct. 3: Luch-5VM (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Nord project
• O3b constellation
  • Fourth Soyuz mission with O3b satellites
  • Fifth launch of O3b quartet
• OneWeb constellation
  • 1st OneWeb launch
  • 2nd OneWeb launch
  • 3rd OneWeb launch
  • 4th OneWeb launch
  • 5th OneWeb launch
  • 6th OneWeb launch
  • 7th OneWeb launch
  • 8th OneWeb launch
  • 9th OneWeb launch
  • 10th OneWeb launch
  • 11th OneWeb launch
  • 12th OneWeb launch
  • 13th OneWeb launch
  • 14th OneWeb launch
• SES-15
• Yamal series
• Yamal-401
• Yamal-601

Astrometria star-mapping satellite

Bion project home page

• Original Bion satellites
• Bion-M spacecraft
• Bion-M No. 1 science program
• Aist satellite
• Preparing Bion-M No. 1 for flight
• Bion-M No. 1 mission
• Landing of Bion M No. 1 spacecraft

COROT astronomy satellite of the French space agency, CNES, launched by the Russian Soyuz-2.1b rocket

Compass

Cosmos-1 solar-sailing spacecraft

Foton

Foton-M4

Gaia satellite

NEW, Nov. 4: Ionosfera-M

Karat (MKA-FKI) platform

• MKA-FKI (PN2) Relek
• MKA-FKI (PN3) Konus-M (372A353)
• MKA-FKI (PN4) Strannik
• MKA-FKI (PN5) ARKA

Koronas-Foton

Lomonosov

Navigator platform

Spektr-R Radioastron observatory

• Origin of the Spektr project
• Spacecraft development
• Mission scenario
• Spacecraft design
• Launch of Spektr-R
• Spektr-R mission in 2017
• Spektr-R mission in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)

Spektr-RG X-ray observatory

• Original Spektr-RG (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Revival of Spektr-RG (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Spektr-RG project in 2009-2014
• Spektr-RG in 2015
• Spektr-RG in 2016
• Spektr-RG's cruise to Lagrange point (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Activation of the eROSITA telescope (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Spektr-RG project in 2017
• Spektr-RG project in 2018
• Spektr-RG project in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Spektr-RG project in 2022 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• First two attempts to launch Spektr-RG (scrubbed)
• Successful launch of the Spektr-RG observatory
• eROSITA telescope
• ART-XC telescope

Spektr-UF

Spektr-M

VKZ probe

Vozvrat-MKA

• Energia-Buran launch facility

  • History of the Buran launch facilities
  • Site 110
  • Site 112
  • Site 113
  • Site 250
  • Site 251
  • Site 254

• Proton launch facilities in Baikonur

  • Origin of the site
  • Launch pad operations
  • Site 81: Original launch pads
  • Site 91: Fueling area
  • Site 92: Proton processing area
  • Site 95: Proton city
  • Site 200: Two new launch pads
• R-9 facilities
• UR-100, Strela and Rockot facilities
• R-36 facilities
• R-36M facilities
• Residential area at Site 10
• Baikonur downrange
• Road to Baikonur
• Soyuz launch facility
  • Site 1
  • Site 2
  • Site 31
• Tsyklon launch facilities
• Zenit launch facilities

Canso launch site

Dombarovsky

Kapustin Yar

• Testing of the A-4 (V-2) rocket in Kapustin Yar

Kourou

• Origin of the Guiana Space Center
• ELA-1 launch complex: From Europa to Ariane
• ELA-2 launch complex: Ariane-3 and 4
• ELA-3: The Ariane-5 launch complex
• ELS: Soyuz launch pad
  • History of the Soyuz launch pad in Kourou
• Support facilities

Mykolaiv launch site (Ukraine)

Plesetsk

• Overview of facilities in Plesetsk
• Plesetsk launch sites for Soyuz rockets
  • Origin of the facility
  • Site 41
  • Site 16
  • Site 43
• Angara launch complex in Plesetsk
  • Processing facility for Angara payloads (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Rockot launch facility in Plesetsk

Sea Launch, a sea-based launch site

• Sea Launch status in 2017
• Sea Launch status in 2018

Vostochny (formerly Svobodny)

• 2013: Vostochny turns from clay to stone
• 2014: Construction in Vostochny to enter critical phase
• 2015: Moment of truth for Vostochny
• 2016: First launch
• Processing area in Vostochny
  • Spacecraft processing building, MIK KA, in Vostochny
  • Launch vehicle processing building, MIK RN, in Vostochny
  • Storage and vacuum testing facility in Vostochny (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Processing facilities for Angara rockets (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, June 3: Processing facilities for Angara payloads (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Soyuz launch complex in Vostochny
  • Soyuz launch pad service cabin, KO
  • Mobile Service Tower, MBO
  • Soyuz launch control facility, KP
• Angara launch complex in Vostochny
  • Development of the Angara complex in Vostochny in 2018
  • Angara pad in Vostochny in 2019
  • Angara pad in Vostochny in 2020 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Angara pad in Vostochny in 2023 (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Facility 1: Launch pad (INSIDER CONTENT)
    • KZB tower (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Facility 2: Water-pumping station (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Facility 3: Firing room (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Facility 4: High-pressure farm (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, March 26: Facility 5: Hydrogen infrastructure (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, March 27: Facility 6: Fueling infrastructure (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • NEW, April 1: Facility 7: Fueling infrastructure (INSIDER CONTENT)
• NEW, August 29: Facilities for Start-1M launcher (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Launch facility for super-heavy rocket (INSIDER CONTENT)
  • Super-heavy launch complex in 2019 (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Residential area in Vostochny
• Support facilities (INSIDER CONTENT)
• Airport in Vostochny
• Ground control stations in Vostochny
• Drop zones for Vostochny

Space industry

Origin of the Soviet rocket and space industry

• Lehesten
• Gorodomlya Island
• NITs RKT
• Star City

Russian space industry in the first decade of the 21st century

Russian space industry in the 2010s

PEOPLE (section home)

Scientists and engineers

• Chelomei
• Chertok
• Kibalchich
• Korolev
• Lozino-Lozinskiy
• Mishin
• Semenov
• Severin
• Tikhonravov
• Tsiolkovsky
  • Tsiolkovsky's early life
  • Tsiolkovsky's work in Kaluga
  • Tsiolkovsky and Bolshevism
  • Legacy of Tsiolkovsky

Politicians

• Reagan

CHRONOLOGY (section home)

Moon race

Missile race

Chronology of deep space exploration

Space exploration in the 20th century

Space exploration in the 21st century

Russian space program in the 2000s

• Space exploration in 2001
• Space exploration in 2002
• Space exploration in 2003
• Space exploration in 2004
  • Security 2004 military exercise
  • Paris air and space show in Le Bourget, 2005
• Space exploration in 2006
• Space exploration in 2007
• Space exploration in 2008
  • Berlin air and space show, ILA-2008
• Space exploration in 2009
  • Paris air and space show in Le Bourget, 2009
  • Moscow air and space show, MAKS 2009

Russian space program in the 2010s

• Space exploration in 2010
  • Farnborough Air Show
  • International Astronautical Congress
• Space exploration in 2011
  • Paris air and space show in Le Bourget
  • Moscow air and space show, MAKS 2011
• Space exploration in 2012
  • Last flight of Enterprise
• Space exploration in 2013
  • Moscow air and space show, MAKS 2013
• Space exploration in 2014
• Space exploration in 2015
• Space exploration in 2016
• Space exploration in 2017
• Space exploration in 2018
• Space exploration in 2019

Russian space program in the 2020s (INSIDER CONTENT)

• Space exploration in 2020
• Space exploration in 2021
• Space exploration in 2022
• Space exploration in 2023
• Space exploration in 2024
• Space exploration in 2025
• Space exploration in 2026

 

2004: Critique of Bush's space plan

2010: End of the Constellation program

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